One of SPECIALity of contemporary Persian prose is the existance of some VERBS which have not any role in structure of main sentence and if they have been dropped from the sentence the meaning of the sentence dose not change. At the same time these VERBS clear the spatial condition and the meaning of the sentence and cause the style of speach appreach to the common people. These kind of VERBS are seen in works of Hedayat G. Saedi, M. Jamalzadeh, J. Aleahmad and A. Dehkhoda. In fact these writers have used these kind of VERBS in some of their sentences to create the taste and colour of common people dialogue.

Nahj al-balagha is second epistemological source of Islam. This excellent manuscript in addition to ideological function that is concerned with its context, because of rhetoric and aesthetic value has literature function too. This latter trait is because of presence of elements such as usage of additional VERBS for creating implications correspondent by situations. This article by title “survey of practical implications of additional VERBS (efaal, tafeel and mofaele) in Nahj al-balagha” is a theoretical research with an analytical-descriptive method that surveyed instances of additional VERBS by use of verbal sources and interpretations of Nahj al-balagha on practical implications of additional VERBS. Researcher by analyzing data concluded: first: additional VERBS in Nahj al-balagha have the most implications and efaal and tafeel are used predominantly. Second: practical implications of additional VERBS implies capacity of Arabic language in making new words from one source and development of realm of implications. Third, practical implications of additional VERBS are accord with conditions and aims of sermons, letters and aphorism

The intragastric exposure of Quackenbush SPECIAL (QS) mice to alcohol both under short-term (6-day period, 3.0 g/kg, but not 1.5 g/kg, body weight/day through gestation days GD 7 to GD 12) and long-term (15% ethanol in drinking water beginning several weeks before mating and continuing in to pregnancy) conditions, reduced the weight, size, and protein content of GD 12 embryos, and the weight of GD 18 embryos. Compared to control, the incidence of brachydactyly with delayed ossification was also significantly greater in embryos chronically exposed to alcohol (45% vs. 6.7%). The short-term and long-term exposure regimens produced incidences of only 1% and 5.8% respectively, of forelimb ectrodactyly in GD 18 embryos. It was concluded that alcohol exerts embryo growth retarding effects in pregnant QS mice without inducing a high incidence of skeletal defects. Thus, the QS mouse could serve as an excellent model to resolve the mechanisms whereby alcohol induces pre - and post-natal growth restrictions during pregnancy.

The compound verb is a very controversial issue in Persian grammar. Grammarians have extensively discussed this topic and have presented different, and sometimes contradictory, opinions. Most of them have been confused in recognizing a compound verb. Many examples considered to be compound VERBS are not in fact compound VERBS. For example, سوگند (oath) in سوگند خوردن (to take an oath) is an object, as in باز هم همان سوگند را خورد. ترش (sour) in ترش شدن (to become sour) is a subjective complement.

In the Persian language, there are certain VERBS which, unlike the others, lack inflectional paradigms. In other words, at the end of such VERBS, only a third person singular ending (-ad for present or zero morpheme for past) occurs. These endings do not function as verbal endings. For this reason, such VERBS are called single-ending VERBS.In the grammar textbook prepared for high school students of Humanities by Dr. 'A.A sādeqī and G.R. Aržang, these VERBS have been examined under the title of ''four-part sentences".The author of the present paper states that although the grammatical points on the single-ending VERBS mentioned in the so-called book are of great importance, a careful and comprehensive description has not been presented and the classification is defective.In this paper, these VERBS have been precisely illustrated and the defects of the aforesaid classification have been mentioned. Moreover, the way of distinguishing such VERBS have been presented as follows: single-ending VERBS, in structure, are similar to those sentences in which the isolating ezāfe has been used: علی خوابش می آید (= Ali feels sleepy). To distinguish whether the verb used in this sentence is a single-ending one or not, we should omit the clitic pronoun and replace it by an isolating one (Ali). If after the replacement, the sentence is ungrammatical, the verb is a single-ending onc, otherwise it is not so. As it can be seen, after omitting the clitic pronoun (-aš) and replacing it by the isolating one (Ali), the above sentence will be changed into خواب علی می آید* which is not grammatical. Therefore, the verb used in this sentence is a single-ending one.It seems that single-ending VERBS are not usually used in their real meaning( s).The author, after examining contemporary Persian, both written and spoken, distinguishes 13 single-ending VERBS: آمدن (= to come), افتادن= to fall), بالا آمدن(= to rise), برداشتن (= to pick up), بردن (= to take), بودن (= to be), درآمدن(= to come out), زدن (= to hit), رفتن (= to go), شدن(= to become), کردن(= to do),کشیدن (= to draw, to drag) and گرفتن (= to get). It should be noted that these VERBS are single-ending only in one of their usages. The distinctive feature of these VERBS is that they cannot be used with all kinds of nouns, adjectives and pronouns. In other words, they form a closed list with certain nouns, adjectives and pronouns.Finally, the author provides a list of these 13 VERBS along with the nouns, adjectives, pronouns and other morphological categories which can be used with them.

The Taleshi prefixal VERBS, because of the multiplicity of the prefixes, fulfil a wide range of functions. This very fact makes it possible for the Taleshi speakers to express the various concepts and sentences by using the same verb. In different contexts, these prefixes give different meanings to the VERBS. In this article, at first the Taleshi prefixal VERBS are classified through identifying their positions in several examples, then the different meanings of the prefixes in each group are examined. According to our classification, seven prefixes existed in Taleshi. Of these, the majority have preserved their specific meanings. There are, however, some prefixes which have lost their original meanings.

In this paper, two different functions of pronominal enclitics in Persian are discussed. Traditionally, it was supposed that these enclitics act as pronouns or real arguments, while this paper tries to indicate that they act as agreement markers in some contexts, too. As historically they have moved from Wackernagel’s position toward verb adjacent position, their functions have also changed. Now, they are used in object clitic doubling and as subject agreement markers in a group of Persian structures. As subject agreement markers, it is argued that they have acquired a new role via grammaticalization, namely agreement markers, and Blocking Principle, as envisaged in Fub (2005) could explain this process. While acting as object clitic doubling, the optional NP object acts as topic.

Coreference resolution is the problem of clustering mentions in a text that refer to the same entities, and is a crucial and difficult step in every natural language processing task. Despite the efforts that have been made to solve this problem during the past, its performance still does not meet today’s application requirements. Given the importance of the VERBS in sentences, in this work, we tried to incorporate three types of their information on coreference resolution problem, namely, selectional restriction of VERBS on their arguments, semantic relation between verb pairs, and the truth that arguments of a verb cannot be coreferent of each other. As a needed resource for supporting our model, we generate a repository of semantic relations between verb pairs automatically using Distributional Memory (DM), a state-of-the-art framework for distributional semantics. This resource consists of pairs of VERBS associated with their probable arguments, their role mapping, and significance scores based on our measures. Our proposed model for coreference resolution encodes verb’s knowledge with Markov logic network rules on top of the deterministic Stanford coreference resolution system. Experiment results show that this semantic layer can improve the recall of the Stanford system while preserves its precision and improves it slightly.

Much research has been done on semantics of the verbal element of complex predicates (CPr), usually referred to as light verb (LV). Most researchers have confined their studies to a few limited features of light VERBS. After criticizing major views proposed by scholars on the semantics of light VERBS, this article presents a hypothesis on the formation of complex predicates, arguing that all of which directly or indirectly have roots in incorporation process. This process starts with a complete sentence, incorporating two elements into it and ends in eliminating other elements. Formation of each complex predicate leads to the formation of the constructional schema X+LV0 which sanctions formation of new complex predicates with the same light verb and in the same semantic field. Accordingly, the meaning of light verb in direct incorporation case is the same meaning as its heavy verb, and in indirect incorporation case is dissolved in constructional meaning of the sanctioning schema. The meaning of light verb in each of these two cases could be different and each of them is taken or similar to one of its heavy meanings. There is a third case in which the light verb plays the role of verbalizing element and makes possible for a nonverbal predicate to inflect as a verb. Thus light VERBS vary from having completely schematic and non-thematic meanings to their own primary heavy meanings.

There are certain verb phrases in current Persian that need to make use of enclitic pronouns instead of demonstratives. These VERBS, often used to express emotions, are variously referred to "intransitive VERBS" and "Impersonal VERBS". Some examples of these VERBS are yأd¢am raft, saxtat bud, xande"as gereft " mأ¢temأ¢n bard, garmetأ¢n sod, badesأ¢n "أ¢mad.These phrases are conjugated in most tenses, imperative case being an exception; besides the enclitic pronoun is neither omitted nor substituted by another word. In the case where they begin with nouns or independent pronouns, these phrases concord, in number and person, with the enclitic pronoun. Examples:"أ¢nhأ£ xoses أ¢n " أ¢mad, to dirat sod. The purpose of this article is twofold: firstly, to identify the construction of these VERBS in classical Persian texts, showing the various stages of their development; secondly, to describe their grammatical characteristics in modem Persian in comparison with the old Persian.